P. 3-12
STRUCTURE AND FEATURES OF THE CRUST OF ARCHEAN GRANITE-GREENSTONE REGIONS
OF THE BASEMENT OF THE EAST EUROPEAN PLATFORM
A. Sivoronov
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of general and regional geology,
Hrushevsky Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: zaggeol@franko.lviv.ua
It is reviewed structure and features of the earth crust of the Archaean greenstone regions of the East–European platform basement. In basement of East–European platform it is distinguished three greenstone regions, that formed one greenstone "super belt" that with interruption stretches from south to north and from Black to Baltic sea for more than 3000 km. The southern section of "super belt" is Middle Periazovian granite-greenstone region. In basement Dnipro-Donetsk depression is connected with more northern Kursk-Belgorod granite greenstone region. The northern section of "super belt" is represented by Feno-Karelian granite-greenstone region. To the north of the last is situated Kolska granulite-greenstone area, that has another composition of basement. In the basement of the old platforms are distinguished four formational complexes, that are varied paragenesis of supracrustal, metamorphosed, ultrametamorphic (plutonium metamorphic) and plutonic formations. Older charnockite-granulite complexes are changed amphybolite-plagiogranite rocks, and the latest changed by greenstone (tonalite-greenstone) complexes. All three complexes are Archean, and the fourth, metasedimentary (granite metasedimentary) complex are concerned to Lower Proterozoic.
Key words: granite-greenstone regions, belts, complexes; geoblocks, formational types.
P. 13-16
UNCONVENTIONAL NATURAL GAS DEPOSITS
IN THE WESTERN OIL- AND GAS-BEARING REGION OF UKRAINE.
PERSPECRIVES AND PROBLEMS
Y. Krupsky
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of ecological and engineering geology and hydrogeology,
Hrushevsky Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: keig@ukr.net
Since the beginning of the XXI century in the process of science and technology development and increasing demand in oil and gas the necessity of prospecting for the new sources of these minerals appeared. Such source is represented by the so called unconventional oil and gas accumulations. In this article the features of forming of both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons accumulations are considered. Of unconventional the so called shale gas and tight gas have been studied. It is highlighted that in 2011 the shale gas production in USA was 157 billion m3. Shale gas accumulations are formed of buried organic matter at certain pressures and temperatures. In Western oil- and gas-bearing region the most prospective are Silurian deposits, to less extent the Lower Devonian and the Kalus formation of Vendian in south-western part of Volyno-Podillia. A range of prospects (Rava-Ruska, Skhidnolischynska, Belzka, Davydivska) have been distinguished.
The environments of forming of the black shale Silurian deposits have been analyzed and the most prospective band of their occurrence has been determined. The preliminary estimate of prospective resources of gas-in-place of the black shale Silurian rocks has been made. It is noted that the main problem of prospecting and production of shale gas in Volyno-Podillia is the unknown organic carbon content in black shales.
The typical black shale oil source rocks in Western region are the Menilire shales of the Carpathian foredeep and Skiba zone of Carpathians. They are prospective for shale oil production. The possibility of tight gas exploration and production has been considered. In Volyno-Podillia these are the Cambrian deposits and in Carpathians – the tight rocks of Paleogene. It is stated the at keeping all the requirements of the environmental safety, at constant monitoring of the unconventional gas prospecting, exploration and production processes it will be possible to avoid any environmental pollution.
Key words: unconventional deposits, shale gas, tight gas, Western oil- and gas-bearing region, methane, conventional and unconventional deposits, gas generation, perspectives.
P. 27-41
METHANE GENERATION POTENTIAL OF THE MENILIT SHALES
FROM THE SKYBA ZONE OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS
V. Uziyk, I. Shaynoha
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of historical geology and paleontology,
Hrushevskij Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
е-mail: coalgeol@franko.lviv.ua
In article position of the Skyba zone in the tectonic structure of the Ukrainian Carpathians, geological section and present decision of this problem were described. We summarized, compared and complemented results of previous research, information about surface appearance, conditions, organic minerals content, physical and thermal condition and total kerogen content.
The necessity and possibility of menilit shales kerogen methane generation potential determining were confirmed. All the necessary parameters were defined and methane generation potential of the menilit shales from Skyba zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians was calculated as 71073600 million m3.
Key words: zone, geological section, menilit shales, water-plant, vitrain, sporule, gum, shales, kerogen, methane, potential, reserves.
P. 42-48
LITHOFACIES PECULIARITIES OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE
IN THE UKRAINIAN PART OF THE AZOV AND BLACK SEAS
I. Ishchenko1, R. Leschukh2, L. Yakushin1
1Subsidiary enterprise “Scientific-research institute of oil and gas industry”
of National Joint Stock Company (NJSC) “Naftogaz of Ukraine”
Kyivska Street, 8, 08132, Vyshneve, Ukraine,
е-mail: ishchenko@naukanaftogaz.kiev.ua,
yakushin@naukanaftogaz.kiev.ua
2Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of historical geology and paleontology,
Hrushevskij Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
е-mail: r_leschukh@mail.ru
Lithofacies studies to reconstruct paleogeographic settings for the Upper Cretaceous deposits testifies that during late Cretaceous time the land was a plain as it evidenced by a slight impurity of clastic material in the sedimentary rocks. The presence of sandstone and siltstone beds in the sedimentary sequence and local enrichment of some limestones with clastic material does not contradict to this assumption and caused by addition of pyroclastics (Albian - Santonian), or impact of transgressions (Albian - Cenomanian, Campanian) coupling with approaching of a shoreline. In different parts of a single sea basin there were different conditions of sedimentation, stipulated by the nature of the adjacent land, sea depth, direction and force of currents, and other factors. The most typical sediments of the late Cretaceous epicontinental sea basin within Ukrainian sector of the Black and Azov seas were coccolithic and foraminiferal mudstones transformed during diagenesis into chalk, biomicritic grainstones and chalky marls and other carbonate rocks. The second group of sediments is mudstones composed by the remains of siliceous organisms, diatoms, radiolaria and spiculitic bryozoans transrofmed into chert rocks. The third group of sediments is represented by arenaceous sediments, mostly by sands.
Key words: Upper Cretaceous sediments, Ukrainian part of the Azov and Black Seas, lithofacies analysis, rock lithotypes.
P. 49-64
DETERMINANT ROLE OF DISJUNCTIVE TECTONIC IN THE FORMATION
OF UNDERGROUND FRESH DRINKABLE WATERS QUALITY
OF THE VOLYNO-PODILLIA ARTESIAN POOL (LVIV REGION)
V. Kharkevich
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of ecological and engineering geology and hydrogeology,
Hrushevsky Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: admingeo@franko.lviv.ua
Disjunctive tectonic of the Volyno-Podillia artesian pool is described. Three recharged zones of artesian water intakes which are connected to the system of faults are distinguished: 1) the recharge zone located at the watershed (higher relief) area; 2) nourishment originated from the rivers through the earth fractures; 3) the artesian recharge that take place from the direction of deep faults. In addition, the influence of faults on the quality of underground drinking waters is outlined. The followed measures are proposed in order to decelerate the fast growth of negative technogenic influence on the underground potable waters: increasing the experience and awareness of water users, providing the enterprisers that carry out the centralized industrial-drinkable water supply with modern laboratory bases and hydrogeology experts, performing the large-scale ecological-geological survey with the estimation of the geochemical state of the area, hydrogeological sate of underground and surface waters ect.
Keywords: break a secret, types of area of feed, aquiferous horizon, quality of underwaters.
P. 65-79
UNDERWATER EROSION AND AUTHIGENIC SILICATES IN
UPPERPALEOCENE AND PALEOGENIC SEDIMENTS OF BASIN OF BODRAK RIVER (CRIMEA)
P. Bilonizhka, L. Generalova, O. Shvaevskyі, Yu. Datsyuk
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of mineralogy, department of general and regional geology,
department of geology of minerals, department of physics of the Earth,
Hrushevskyj Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua
The distribution and condition of formation of underwater erosions and authigenic silicates in the Upper Paleocene sediments and paleogenous sediments of the Crimean Mountains have been studeied. It has been found that underwater erosions of carbonate rocks were formed under the influence of higher concentrations of CO2 in seawater, which obviously proceeded in a sedimentary basin with hydrothermal solutions through a sedimentary faults and during the volcanism.
Much attention is paid to the study of mineral composition, structural characteristics and conditions of formation of autologous silicates. Most likely, glauconite, smectites, zeolites have been formed from hydrothermal solutions mixed with sea water, and in the process halmyrolysis of volcanic ash which was brought to the sedimentary basin by air. High sorbtsion ability of glauconite is caused by the peculiarities of its microstructure. The origin of the flint is biogenic one. By means of electron microscope the fragments of sponges, diatoms and radiolarian have been found.
Key words: underwater erosion, autogenic silicate, hydrothermal solutions, glauconite, smectites, flint microstructure, silicic organisms, Crimea.
P. 80-92
MODELING THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESSES
IN THE ACTIVE SUBDUCTION INTERFACE AREAS OF EARTH’S CRUST
V. Fourman
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of physics of the Earth,
Hrushevskij Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: fourman@franko.lviv.ua
The analysis of approaches is conducted from the design of thermomechanics proc-esses in the zones of subduction with different reology of rocks of Earth crust. It is noticed that more steep immersion of flag takes place wherein overhead flag ocean, while declivous subduction takes place in case of collision of ocean flag with continental. This classification is conducted mainly on the basis of dates about seismity in the zones of Benjof. It is shown that low-speed parts of ocean bark disappear on a depth that answers beginning of means basalt, and there is passing to the high-speed areas of subductions flags. Ridge subduction is a fundamental process of plate tectonics, and the geologic manifestations in the overriding lithosphere have been investigated in many convergent margin settings.
Properties of several mantle phases are compared for the temperature and pressure regime appropriate to a subducting slab. Temperature dependence of these properties exhibits a strong, temperature insensitive low temperature region, a thermallysoftened region and a weak high temperature region. Many of the geologic effects of slab window migration (e.g., anomalous high-T metamorphism in the forearc, non-arc-like magmatism in the volcanic arc) are explained primarily by the introduction of a region of hot, upwelling asthenospheric mantle in the subduction zone environment. Our models show that protracted heating in the forearc region should result in protracted high-temperature metamorphism, associated rheologic weakening and strain partitioning and changes in the topographic uplift pattern in regions affected by slab window migration.
Although these models are idealized, they do provide valuable insight into the geodynamics of slab window environments and provide a valuable starting point for further exploration. The models account for the compositional buoyancy forces by considering lithospheric plates with distinct crustal layers. Continental convergence results in crust–mantle detachment in the subducting plate and crustal thickening in both subducting and overriding plates. As the crust thickens, the convergence velocity in the collision zone decreases and the locus of subduction gradually shifts toward the interior of the subducting plate. In models with greater viscosity, the subducting mantle lithosphere maintains its integrity and does not break up. In models with weaker rheology, the positive buoyancy of the thickened crust can overcome the strength of the subducting lithosphere, and causes the oceanic slab to break off and sink into the mantle.
The technique presented here does not lend itself to application in multi-phase inclusions. In principle, it would be possible to apply this technique in multiphase inclusions if it were possible to establish accurately the composition and relative volumes of all phases in the inclusion. Future directions in the modeling of slab detachment will include dynamic cases with more complicated starting geometries and thermal structures of slabs matching initiation of continental collision; the study of the effects of phase transformations within the crust and the mantle; and the influence of slab viscoelasticity and the accompanying rapid snap-off process due to a finite yield strength.
Key words: Subductions, Geodynamics, Thermodynamics, crust of the Earth, model-ling, deep processes, physical modelling.
P. 93-106
HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE MINING OF THE TITANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM ORES
IN THE COUNTOURS WATERY PART OF THE MALYSHEVSKE DEPOSIT
(DNIPROPETROVSK REGION)
A. Haydin1, V. Dyakiv2, I. Chikova1
1Scientific Center Institute of mining and chemical industry, Lviv, Ukraine
2Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of ecological and engineering geology and hydrogeology,
Hrushevsky Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: dyakivw@yahoo.com
Malyshivske deposit of titanium-zirconium sands in P'yatyhatky and Verkhnodniprovsk districts of Dnepropetrovsk region according with explored reserves is the largest in Ukraine.
The deposit is composed of Neogene sediments that overlie in subhoryzontal mode and overlap an eroded surface of clayey glauconite sands of Paleogene Kharkiv tier. Mineralization is confined to the sands of Poltava series with capacity of about 20 m, their upper part contains high industrial concentration of ilmenite, rutile and zircon. A 24-meter layer of sand of Sarmatian tier lies over the ore body. Sarmatian sands are overlaped by Sarmatian and Quaternary clays.
Still is being developing a part of deposit, located above the groundwater level. In the near future is planning the start of operation of Motronivsko-Annivskoyi area near the villages Motronivka, Novoannivka, Novoukrayinka, Dmytrivka, Free Farms, Dedovo, Novoselivka, Komunarivka. Its conditions of developing methods are significantly differ by the fact, that productive ore layer lies below the level of groundwater.
Flooded areas of the deposits are characterized that ore layer lies below the level of groundwater. Based on the results of the hydrogeological modelling and using publicly available version of the software package Visual Modfow, it has been developed an individual digital model of the Quaternary aquifer and aquifer system in the Neogene sediments. According to the results of models corrections the filtration parameters of hydrogeological section were defined. It is elucidated that the water inflow from the Neogene aquifer system: the filled reservoirs ranges from 360 to 2,750 m3/day, while emptying – from 124 to 142 m3/day. Groundwater inflows are not significant and for several orders are smaller than the potential influx of storm water. Construction of temporary ponds in the beams limits the development of depression funnel around the quarry. Low permeability and fluid loss Fat Poltava series create great difficulties of drainage pit. Therefore it is recommended to apply the hydromechanical method of deposit mining.
Key words: Malyshevskoye titanium-zirconium deposit poltavska series, hydrogeological conditions, digital simulation software package Visual Modflow, filtration parameters.
P. 107-116
ESTIMATION OF ECOLOGICAL RISKS THE BUILDING OF A NEW BRANCH OF BESKYD RAILWAY TUNNEL
INFLUENCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF ADJOINING TERRITORIES
Yu. Borutska1, M. Didukh2, V. Dyakiv1
1Ivan Franco National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of environmental and engineering geology and hydrogeology,
e-mail: Borutska_Yulya@ukr.net
Hrushevskij Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
2STIU “Lviv railway”
Anthropogenic impact on the environment in general and on geological environment in particular during transport construction inevitably leads to a variety of potential threats of certain losses or increase of the likelihood of doing various kinds of damages that may appear, known as environmental risk. To understand the dangers of environmental risks primarily we determine the "weaknesses" and potential threats to the environment, as well as the most important preventive conservation measures and priorities in case of the planning of physical work, prohibitions and restrictions based on previous experience, the simulation results, Delphi. That is why the most important factor in environmental risk assessment is possible ranging of environmental problems, distinguishing the priorities and the of inadmissibility of "underestimation" of potential harm.
Estimation and ranging of ecological risks which can appear during the building of new Beskid’s railway tunnel was made. It was discovered that an increased level of ecological risk is inherent in the territories under the influence of waste rock pile. The negative impact on air and surface waters in rainy and windy weather is foreseen on the regions where the conglomeration of waste rock piles takes place till their complete technical and biological recultivation . Natural (seismic) and anthropogenic activation of geodynamic processes such as: deformations of quaternary deposits, displacement of primary rocks, landslips with formation of holes and fossulas, cavities due to one-sided convergence of mountain’s body under conditions of using definite methods of driving. Other discussed potential impacts of both direct and mediated activity on all, without exception, components of environment: top soils as upper part of lithosphere, natural waters including condition of the atmospheric air, vegetation, wildlife, social environment of both working regions and neighbouring territories are characterized by low and very low levels of ecological risks. Despite the low level of ecological risks, all the abovementioned problems and their potential consequences must be taken into account. Mineral-sorption and oxygen-cavitation geochemical barriers of the active cleaning of natural waters are distinguished and environmental safety of the waste dump in terms of building a new branch Beskyd railway tunnel is grounded.
Key words: estimation of ecological risk, building of tunnels, atmospheric air, geodynamic processes, waste rock pile, natural water, mineral-sorption and oxygen-cavitation geochemical barriers, recultivation.
P. 123-131
DECREPTOMETRIC MODEL OF THE SHUTE ORE POINT
(VYSHKOVO ORE FIELD, TRANSCATPATHIANS)
I. Konchakivs’kyi, S. Tsikhon’, A. Horodechnyi
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of physics of the Earth, department of deposits,
Hrushevskij Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: igor_kon@ukr.net
In Vyshkovo ore field (Transcarpathia) there are large areas of metasomatic rocks that gold-plumb-zinc (Bania, Shute, Zagadkove ore occurrences etc.) and mercury (Borkut and Shaian deposits) mineralization areas are connected with. The Shute ore occurrence is situated in the middle stream of the river Shute. The containing rocks are represented by sericitizied and chloritizied granodiorite greenstones and quartz diorite porphyrites. The main ore minerals are: pyrites, galena, blinde, copper pyrites, nonmetalliferous ones are: quartz, adular and calcite. The research on the decreptoactivity of the rocks of the Shute ore point (Vyshkovo ore field) has been carried out. General temperature interval of the gas release is 120-420°C. Decreptograms has primary one-modal distribution. It indirectly proves that metasomatic rocks have been formed in one or several stages with similar temperature conditions. On the basis of the analysis of rocks degasification during the process of heating it has been observed that the intensification of inclusions cracking is higher in the peripheral parts of the Shute ore point and lower in its central productive parts. The temperature of the gas release 120-360°C on decreptograms along with other features makes it possible to define potential areas of ore mineralization.
Key words: Vyshkovo ore field, Shute ore point, decrepitation, fluid inclusions, metasomatic rocks.
P. 132-139
CORRELATION OF GRANITOID COMPLEXES OF MIDDLE PRYDNIPROVIAN AND WESTERN PRYAZOVIAN
MEGASTRUCTURES OF THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD IN TERMS OF PLUME TECTONICS
L. Isakov1, I. Paranko2
1Ukrainian State Geological-prospecting Institute,
Avtozavodska Street, 78, 04114, Kyiv, Ukraine,
e-mail: isakov_l@ukr.net
2Kryvyi Rih Pedagogical institute SI of HE “Kryvyi Rih National University”,
Gagarin avenue, 54, 50086, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine,
е-mail: paranko@mail.ru
Granitoid formational series of Middle Prydniprovia and Western Pryazovia are considerably congenial and have strict geological-structural control conditioned by deepearth magmatic plumes. The process of granitoid series formation is presented: enderbite and ultrametamorphic plagiomigmatite formation of older basal complex →ultrametamorphic plagiomigmatite → ultrametamorphic plagiogranite → gabbro-dioriteplagiogranite-(pegmatite-granite) plutonic → plagiogranite → granite formation of plume tectonic structures.
Key words: Middle Prydniprovian and Western Pryazovian megastructures, granitoid formations, plume tectonics.
P. 140-144
MONITORING OF DISTRIBUTION IN THE CRUST OF THE WESTERN REGION
OF DEEP REFLECTIVE HORIZON – PROTOBASEMENT
Petro Bodlak, Hrystyna Zayats, Liubov Antonjuk, Yuri Levkovych, Stepan Duchuk, Ihor Yaremyn
Western Geophysical prospecting expedition, Lviv,
e-mail: zugre@lviv.farlep.net
BPH “Ukrgeofizika” West Ukrainian geophysical reconnaissance expedition
D. Apostol Street, 9th, 79040, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: zugre@lviv.farlep.net
Based on the seismic surveys in the crust of the Western Ukraine there were traced unique reflective horizon , referred to the granite surface layer of the earlier stage, called protobasement. Its uniqueness is associated with unknown elsewhere distinct phases of seismic horizon along the profiles both regional and detailed observations. Time registration reflections protobasement increases from 2.5 - 3, 0 s. in the southeast area (Chernivtsi - Buchach) to 5.0 - 7.0 sec. in the north-west (Peremyshlyany - Vely Mosty), and under nappes of the Carpathians. In the deep structure it lies below the 5 - 20 km of the modern granite surface layer, but well above the expected thickness of basalt layer. In the Western Ukraine seismic waves of known surface Conrad are not registered.
Clarity tracking of seismic horizon associated with protobasement (both common depth point method - CDPM and correlation method refracted waves - CMRW) inherent in the south east of the Western region. According to seismic profiles transcarpathian direction is seen abrupt, due to number of possible faults in the earth's crust, dipping surface protobasement southwest to a depth of 0 km under nappes of the Carpathians.
In recent years, Western Geophysical prospecting expedition (ZUHRE) using method CDPM worked out first in Western regional seismic profile RP-11 subcarpathian direction. Profile is located on the southwestern slope of the East European Platform (EEP) from the border with Poland (Velyki Mosty) to Romania (Chernivtsi). The length of the profile is 311 km. Time section reaches 7.0 - 9.0 sec., which provides coverage of the subsurface geological section 15 - 20 km. Reduced time section demonstrates diping and relaxation seismic horizon of the protobasemrnt in the north-west.
Keywords: seismic studies, crust, reflecting horizon.
P. 145-156
LITHOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF COPPER OF STROKATOKOLIRNY LAYERS
OF SKYBOVA STRUCTURAL-FACIES ZONE OF UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS
O. Kostyuk, L. Generalova
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of petrоgraphy, department of general and regional geology,
Hrushevskyj Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
е-mail: kostol@email.ua
Lithological and geochemical characteristics of Yaremcha horizon, with copper ore mineralization are studied. Rocks with copper ore mineralization are represented by green gravelites, sandstones, conglomerates and limestones (calcerudite, calcarenite, calceciltite, calcelutite). There are quartz and feldspar-quartz alevrolites and fine-grained sandstones. Among the sandstones are lenses and bands (greywacke, arkose-greywacke). It is distinguished that rocks of the Yamna formation of Paleocene age in the study area are characterized by different granulometric transitions. Within the rocks of the Yaremcha horizon cooper mineralization increase from the silt-pelites with clay-carbonate cement to anisomerous alevrite gravel polimicte sandstones on clay-cherty cement. Copper mineralization in the rocks increases depending on the degree of grain-size sorting and quantity of organic carbon. The average content of total amount isomorphic with copper elements (Ni, Zn, Pb, Co, Ag) in petrotypes rocks Yaremche horizon is inversely proportional to the copper content. Primary source of copper may be associated with a sub-zones and anti-zones tectonic disturbances to Carpathian region. For the first time based on the novel geoinformation technologies the geological-structural map of the Skyba zone of Flysh Carpathians is created and spatial connection between cooper mineralization manifestation and oil and gas deposits on the tectonic active area of structural zone is shown. Investigated copper-bearing characteristics play a role in the search criteria metallogenic prediction of the Ukrainian Carpathians.
Keywords: Skyba zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians, sandstones, limestones, clays, marls, granulometric sorting of the rocks, mineral contents of the sedimentary rock cement, area of cooper mineralization, geological-structural map,chalcopiryte, pyrite.
P. 157-163
JOINTING ANALYSIS OF FLYSCH COMPLEX
OF THE SKYBA NAPPE (UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS)
Yu. Vikhot
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
Geological faculty, Department of physics of the Earth,
Hrushevsky Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: yuvik@ukr.net
The purpose of the research was to determine statistical parameters for the orientation data (the dip direction and dip angle) of the tectonic joints in the flysch complexes in outcrops, and identify statistical features for the different type of rocks and tectonic units (thrusts) of Outer Ukrainian Carpathians. For the tectonic joints statistical analysis was used the eigenvalue ratio method of Woodcock. Such statistical parameters as strength parameter C and shape parameter K (girdle or cluster distribution) are determined. Statistical parameters С, К and orientation data (strike direction, dip direction and dip angle) were plotted on the Woodcock diagrams and other types of stereograms using the computer software Fabric 8 and Stereo 32.
Results of statistical analysis of the tectonic joints orientation data are demonstrated on example of the flysch complex along the upper and middle parts of Sukil River Valley (profile Bolekhiv–Bukivets–Kozakivka). The dip direction and dip angle of over 2 000 tectonic joints are measured in Cretaceous-Paleogene complexes of Outer Ukrainian Carpathians: Stryy (K2-P1str3) and Yamna (P1jm) formations, undifferentiated Eocene (P2), Holovetska (P3gl) and Menilitova (P3mnl) formations. In outcrops of Orivska, Skolivska and Parashky thrusts for joints in these formations were determine the statistical parameters C, K. Strength parameter C shows the degree of grouping of joints orientations data around the one or more directions, and shape parameter K indicates the shape of the distribution of joints orientations data on the stereogram – cluster or girdle distributions.
Average statistical parameters of joints on the Woodcock diagrams are low in different age of rocks and tectonic units (thrusts): parameter C – 1,04 – 6,30, and parameter K – 0,03–4,96. The best degree of grouping of joints orientations data are in undifferentiated Eocene (C – 6,30), Holovetska formation (C – 3,74), Menilitova formation (C – 1,06 – 3,47). The most poles of joint planes on the stereograms has the girdle distribution. Cluster distribution have joints in Yamna formation (К – 4,96) and Stryy formation (К –3,59). Strength parameter C in tectonic units of Outer Ukrainian Carpathians: in Skolivska thrust – 6,30; in Orivska thrust – 3,47; and in Parashky thrusts – 3,35.
Statistical analysis demonstrates some correlation between parameters C, K and age of rocks, lithological characteristics and tectonic position of outcrops. Younger small and medium layered Oligocene (Holovetska and Menilitova formations) deposits have girdle distribution, but the older Upper Cretaceous – Eocene (Stryy and Yamna formations, undifferentiated Eocene) deposits with massive sandstone have girdle and cluster distribution. Stereograms of poles of all joint planes demonstrate some orientations tectonic joints of dip direction and dip angle, and rose-diagrams indicates strike directions of the tectonic joints in the Sukil River Valley.
Low strength parameter and girdle distribution in observation points indicates that the formation of some systems and generations of joints took place during tectonic deformation modes and confirms complicated stress and strain state in the Skyba nappe of the creation of the Ukrainian Carpathians orogen.
Key words: Skyba nappe, statistical analysis, jointing, eigenvalue ratio method.
P. 164-165
A review of the textbook V. Shevchuk and VA Mikhailov
“GENERAL GEOTECTONICS ON THE BASICS OF GEODYNAMICS”
A. Sivoronov, V. Pashchenko
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of department of general and regional geology,
Hrushevskyj Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
P. 166-178
TARAS SHEVCHENKO IN THE ARAL AND KARATAU EXPEDITIONS
P. Bilonizhka
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of mineralogy,
Hrushevskyj Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine,
е-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua
T. Shevchenko participation in Aral and Karataus scientific expeditions in 1848–1855 as painter and draftsman is described. During this time T. Shevchenko depicted many landscapes of the islands and coast of the Aral Sea, valleys and mountain ranges Karatau on Mangyshlak peninsula, military fortifications, and executed many pictures of life and living conditions of soldiers and the Kazakh people. T.Shevchenko art heritage is great. It consists of over 120 poetry and about 250 paintings and sketches.
Key words: Shevchenko, Orsk, Aral Sea, Karatau, Kosaral, Mangyshlak, Novopetrivsk fortress, paintings, poetry.
P. 179-194
THE SECOND EDUCATIONAL GEOLOGICAL PRACTICE IN CRIMEA
IS IMPORTANT STAGE OF TRAINING OF GEOLOGICAL STAFF
(DEDICATED TO 60TH ANNIVERSARY OFf THE CRIMEAN PRACTICE)
A. Sivoronov, M. Pavlun', P. Bilonizhka, L. Generalova
Ivan Franko Nationaluniversity of lviv,
geological faculty, department of general and regional geology,
Hrushevsky Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
e-mail: mineral@franko.lviv.ua
The history and the terms of leadthrough of the second educational practice dedicated to mapping in Crimea Mountains are highlighted. It is founded by the manager of department of general geology Dmytro Rezvoy in 1954. The practice was taking place in the Bakhchisarai region in the interfluve of rivers Bodrak and Kacha.
This region is characterized by large diversity of the complex sedimentary and igneous rocks, geological structures, outcrops of geological bodies, as well as presence of the rich fossil fauna species complex and is the perfect training ground for this type of the practice
It was done with maximum approach to the real production and includes all types of field and office works. On the eve of the actual practice seminars were held at the Faculty, where teachers and students made presentations about the geological structure of the Crimea.
The field works were conducted in the two stages. During the first stage students conducted geological routes together with the teachers, during which they became acquainted with the orogidrography of area, studied the general stratigraphic section and methods of conducting the field works. Upon completion of first stage, students in groups of 2-3 persons were performing geological routes independently.
Geological excursions were conducted on the waterside spine of Karadag, presented powerful lava-pyroklastychna layer, the museum of O.Grin, the art gallery of I.Ayvazovsky, in Feodosiya, Chersonese Historical and Archaeological Reserve in Sevastopol, observatory in the village Scientific and other in order for students to get acquainted with the geological, historical and cultural attractions of Crimea
The practice was completed with creation of the geological map and cross-sections, tectonic and geomorphological charts and writing and defending geological reports. Crimean practice played a very important role in training of geological personnels.In 2014 The Russian Federation annexed The Autonomous Republicof Crimea which is the reason, unfortunately, why we are unable to conduct there geological practice at the moment.
Key words: Mountain Crimea, geological routes, cameral works, methodical provi-ding, drawing up geological reports.
P. 195-197
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “THE ROLE OF SENIOR EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOLOGY”
(THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GEOLOGICAL FACULTY AT TARAS
SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV)
O. Matkovsky, M. Pavlun’
Ivan Franko Nationaluniversity of lviv,
geological faculty, department of mineralogy, department of deposits
Hrushevsky Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
P. 198-201
XXXV SESSION OF UKRAINIAN PALEONTOLOGICAL COMPANY
DEDICATED TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEPARTMENT
PALEONTOLOGY AT LVIV UNIVERSITY
G. Hotsanyuk
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of historical geology and paleontology,
Hrushevskij Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
P. 202-206
THE FIFTH ANNUAL NATIONAL CONFERENCE
"PROBLEMS GEOLOGY PHANEROZOIC UKRAINE
I. Mariash, A. Danyliv
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of historical geology and paleontology,
Hrushevskij Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine
P. 206-207
STUDENTS THAT WERE GRADUATED FROM GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT
IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF L’VIV AT 2014 YEAR
P. Bilonizhka, O. Polubichko
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
geological faculty, department of mineralogy, department of deposits
Hrushevskij Street, 4, 79005, Lviv, Ukraine